How Does the Brain Develop?

Our lab studies how the human brain forms and changes during early development. We focus on neural stem cells and how their behaviour is shaped by genetic programs and by the environment, including maternal inflammation, stress and other physiological signals.

We use human stem cell–based models such as region-specific organoids, hippocampal organoids, and 3D co-cultures that capture key steps in cortical and hippocampal development. These models allow us to follow how neural stem cells build tissue structure, form circuits and interact with the surrounding matrix and immune cells.

A major aim of our work is to understand how changes in these early processes can lead to conditions such as autism, epilepsy and intellectual disability. By defining the mechanisms that guide normal development, we hope to identify how and when things go wrong.

The Kang–Berg Lab is based at the Institute of Medical Sciences at the University of Aberdeen.

Lab Logo

Research

Research in our group focuses on how the human brain develops, both under normal conditions and in the context of disease. We use human stem cell–based models to study early brain development in vitro, including 3D brain organoids, hippocampal organoids, region-specific cultures, and assembloids that incorporate microglia, vasculature, and other key cell types. We also develop in vitro systems to study the developing choroid plexus and its influence on the embryonic brain environment.

Our work combines these models with approaches such as pharmacological and cytokine treatments, glucocorticoid exposure, high-resolution imaging, histology, and multi-omic analysis, including single-cell and spatial RNA sequencing. We are particularly interested in how neural stem cells are regulated during cortical and hippocampal development, how the extracellular matrix shapes tissue organisation, and how environmental influences such as maternal inflammation and stress can alter developmental trajectories.

We approach these questions in close collaboration with a diverse team of researchers and students. To learn more about our current projects, please browse our publications or get in touch.

Lab Members

Principal Investigators

  • Photo of Eunchai Kang

    Eunchai Kang
    Group Leader

  • Photo of Daniel A. Berg

    Daniel A. Berg
    Group Leader

Lab Technicians

  • Photo of Richard Gyuris

    Richard Gyuris
    Joined 2024

Postdocs

  • Photo of Olivia Soper

    Olivia Soper
    Joined 2025

  • Photo of Muhammad Khan

    Muhammad Khan, MD
    Joined 2025

  • Photo of David Wragg

    David Wragg, PhD
    Joined 2024

  • Photo of Delia Ramirez

    Delia Ramirez, PhD
    Joined 2022

PhD Students

  • Photo of Sara Valkila

    Sara Valkila
    Joined 2024

  • Photo of Gaby Crawford

    Gaby Crawford
    Joined 2023

  • Photo of Mario Yanakiev

    Mario Yanakiev
    Joined 2021

Former lab members

PhD students

  • Olivia Soper – Completed PhD in 2025. Now a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Aberdeen.

  • Do Hyeon Gim – Completed PhD in 2025. Now a Postdoctoral Researcher at Oxford University.

  • Muhammad Z.K. Assir – Completed PhD in 2025. Now a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Aberdeen.

Undergrad/masters project students

  • Beth Cavanagh, Naomi Sidabutar, Madhura Sham Nalawade

  • Malgorzata Michalik, Charlotte Colombo, Alicja Grzelak

  • Juri Westendorf, Anthony Gyening-Yeboah

  • Mohammad Kahn, Florence Roberts, Georgia Hepburn

  • (List not exhaustive)

Selected Publications

New Publications

  • Do Hyeon Gim, Muhammad Z.K. Assir, Olivia Soper, Paul A. Fowler, Michael D. Morgan, Daniel A. Berg, Eunchai Kang
    Deciphering Cell-Type and Temporal-Specific Matrisome Expression Signatures in Human Cortical Development and Neurodevelopmental Disorders via scRNA-Seq Meta-Analysis
    Nature Communications, 2025. View Publication
  • Olivia Soper, Muhammad Z. K. Assir, Delia Ramírez, Gabriella Crawford, Richard Gyuris, Sara S. M. Valkila, Laetitia L. Lecante, Peng Liu, Paul A. Fowler, J. Antonio González, Daniel A. Berg, Eunchai Kang
    A human hippocampal organoid model with sustained neural stem cells reveals state shifts under glucocorticoid stress
    bioRxiv, 2025.
    View preprint

  • M.Z.K. Assir, M. Yanakiev, D.H. Gim, S.S.M. Valkila, P. Muscolino, L. Peng, P.A. Fowler, D.A. Berg, E. Kang
    "IL-17A Alters Human Cortical Development in a 3D Ex Vivo Model of Maternal Immune Activation"
    Preprint, bioRxiv, 2024. View Publication

Organoids

  • F. Ye, E. Kang, C. Yu, X. Qian, F. Jacob, C. Yu, M. Mao, R.Y.C. Poon, J. Kim, et al.
    "DISC1 regulates neurogenesis via modulating kinetochore attachment of Ndel1/Nde1 during mitosis"
    Neuron, 2017. View Publication
  • X. Qian, H.N. Nguyen, M.M. Song, C. Hadiono, S.C. Ogden, C. Hammack, et al.
    "Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure"
    Cell, 2016. View Publication

Neurogenesis

  • D.A. Berg, Y. Su, D. Jimenez-Cyrus, A. Patel, N. Huang, D. Morizet, et al.
    "A Common Embryonic Origin of Stem Cells Drives Developmental and Adult Neurogenesis"
    Cell, 2019. View Publication
  • D.A. Berg, A.M. Bond, G. Ming, H. Song
    "Radial glial cells in the adult dentate gyrus: what are they and where do they come from?"
    F1000Research, 2018. View Publication
  • J. Shin, D.A. Berg, Y. Zhu, J.Y. Shin, J. Song, M.A. Bonaguidi, G. Enikolopov, et al.
    "Single-cell RNA-seq with Waterfall reveals molecular cascades underlying adult neurogenesis"
    Cell Stem Cell, 2015. View Publication
  • D.A. Berg, K.J. Yoon, B. Will, A.Y. Xiao, N.S. Kim, K.M. Christian, H. Song, G. Ming
    "Tbr2-expressing intermediate progenitor cells in the adult mouse hippocampus are unipotent neuronal precursors with limited amplification capacity under homeostasis"
    Frontiers in Biology, 2015. View Publication
  • M.H. Jang, M.A. Bonaguidi, Y. Kitabatake, J. Sun, J. Song, E. Kang, et al.
    "Secreted frizzled-related protein 3 regulates activity-dependent adult hippocampal neurogenesis"
    Cell Stem Cell, 2013. View Publication
  • D.A. Berg, M. Kirkham, H. Wang, J. Frisén, A. Simon
    "Dopamine controls neurogenesis in the adult salamander midbrain in homeostasis and during regeneration of dopamine neurons"
    Cell Stem Cell, 2011. View Publication
  • D.A. Berg, M. Kirkham, A. Beljajeva, D. Knapp, B. Habermann, et al.
    "Efficient regeneration by activation of neurogenesis in homeostatically quiescent regions of the adult vertebrate brain"
    Development, 2010. View Publication

Psychiatric Disorders

  • E. Kang, J. Song, Y. Lin, J. Park, J.H. Lee, Q. Hussani, Y. Gu, S. Ge, et al.
    "Interplay between a mental disorder risk gene and developmental polarity switch of GABA action leads to excitation-inhibition imbalance"
    Cell Reports, 2019. View Publication
  • E. Kang, Z. Wen, H. Song, K.M. Christian, G. Ming
    "Adult neurogenesis and psychiatric disorders"
    Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2018. View Publication
  • H. Zhang, E. Kang, Y. Wang, C. Yang, H. Yu, Q. Wang, Z. Chen, C. Zhang, et al.
    "Brain-specific Crmp2 deletion leads to neuronal development deficits and behavioural impairments in mice"
    Nature Communications, 2016. View Publication
  • H. Lee, E. Kang, D. GoodSmith, D.Y. Yoon, H. Song, J.J. Knierim, et al.
    "DISC1-mediated dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats"
    Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2015. View Publication

Neurotoxicity

  • J. Neudecker, J. Xu, C. Thomas, L. Penberthy, E. Kang, D. A. Berg, D. O’Meara, A. Brambrink, C. Mintz
    "An Update on Preclinical Research in Anesthetic-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primate and Rodent Models"
    Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 35, 104–113, 2023. View Publication
  • J. Xu, E. Kang, C.D. Mintz
    "Anesthetics disrupt brain development via actions on the mTOR pathway"
    Communicative & Integrative Biology, 11(2), 1–4, 2018. View Publication
  • E. Kang, D. Jiang, K.Y. Ryu, S. Lim, M. Kwak, C.D. Grey, M. Xu, J.H. Choi, S. Junn, J. Kim, J. Xu, M. Scaefer, R.A. Johns, H. Song, G.L. Ming, C.D. Mintz
    "Early postnatal exposure to isoflurane causes cognitive deficits and disrupts development of newborn hippocampal neurons via activation of the mTOR pathway"
    PLoS Biology, 15(7), 2017. View Publication
  • E. Kang, D.A. Berg, O. Furmanski, W.M. Jackson, Y.K. Ryu, C.D. Gray, C.D. Mintz
    "Neurogenesis and developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity"
    Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 60, 33–39, 2017. View Publication
  • E.M. Kwak, S. Lim, E. Kang, O. Furmanski, H. Song, Y.K. Ryu, C.D. Mintz
    "Effects of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury and hypothermic neuroprotection on neural progenitor cells in the mouse hippocampus"
    Developmental Neuroscience, 2015. View Publication

Join Us

We are always looking for talented and motivated students to join our lab. If you are interested in understanding the wonders of human brain development, please email us.

Follow the lab on LinkedIn.

We are happy to support applications for independent postdoctoral fellowships on a range of topics. If your research vision could benefit from our input, then please get in touch and we can discuss next steps.

Some possible opportunities include:

Undergraduate Students

If you are an undergraduate looking for an interesting summer research project, please get in touch! BSDB offers summer studentships.

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Outreach & Communications

Contact

You can contact us at: Eunchai.kang[at]abdn.ac.uk, Daniel.Berg[at]abdn.ac.uk

Lab

Members of the Kang/Berg lab and friends at the beach in Aberdeen, Summer 2022